A Review of Different Etching Methodologies and Impact of various etchants in Wet Etching in Micro Fabrication

Abstract--The concept of miniaturization was introduced because of advancement in science and technology during 1980s. These miniaturized structures and designs are of high significance for making up with the macroscopic technology, for the sake of interfacing with microscopic world. The fabrication of micro structures and designs which are the advanced applications of micro fabrication are used for the process of micromachining structures in three dimensions as it is essential for interfacing with the nanotechnology. Micromachining which means performing cutting or grinding operations or selective removal of wafer to produce various structures has much important applications like accelerometers which are used to trigger air bags in cars. The lithography and etching processes are used to shape the bulk materials into microstructures in micro fabrication mechanism. Different ion bombardment techniques and chemical reactive mechanisms are used for a type of etching which is carried out in vacuum chamber, whereas chemical solutions are used for another type of etching mechanism whose procedures are finished in a bath. This survey illustrates different etching methodologies and the impact of various etchants in wet etching

Anticoagulation Strategies in Non–Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19

BackgroundOptimal thromboprophylaxis for hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is uncertain.MethodsIn an open-label, adaptive platform trial, we randomly assigned hospitalized adults with Covid-19 to low-dose low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis or intermediate-dose or low-dose plus aspirin. In response to external evidence, the aspirin intervention was discontinued and a therapeutic-dose arm added. The primary end point was death or the requirement for new organ support by day 28, analyzed with a Bayesian logistic model. Enrolment was closed as a result of operational constraints.ResultsBetween February 2021 and March 2022, 1574 patients were randomly assigned. Among 1526 participants included in the analysis (India, n=1273; Australia and New Zealand, n=138; and Nepal, n=115), the primary outcome occurred in 35 (5.9%) of 596 in low-dose, 25 (4.2%) of 601 in intermediate-dose, 20 (7.2%) of 279 in low-dose plus aspirin, and 7 (14%) of 50 in therapeutic-dose anticoagulation. Compared with low-dose thromboprophylaxis, the median adjusted odds ratio for the primary outcome for intermediate-dose was 0.74 (95% credible interval [CrI], 0.43 to 1.27; posterior probability of effectiveness [adjusted odds ratioConclusionsIn hospitalized non–critically ill adults with Covid-19, compared with low-dose, there was an 86% posterior probability that intermediate-dose, 65% posterior probability that low-dose plus aspirin, and a 7% posterior probability that therapeutic-dose anticoagulation reduced the odds of death or requirement for organ support. No treatment strategy met prespecified stopping criteria before trial closure, precluding definitive conclusions. (Funded by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council or Medical Research Future Fund Investigator and Practitioner Grants and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04483960.